http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/02/13/new_botnet_advances/
By Dan Goodin in San Francisco
13th February 2008
Researchers have unearthed two previously undetected botnets that
exhibit sophisticated new capabilities that could significantly advance
the dark art of cyber crime.
One of them, dubbed MayDay by security firm Damballa, uses new ways to
send and receive instructions to infected machines. One communication
method uses standard HTTP that is sent through an organization's web
proxy. That allows the malware to circumvent a common security measure
employed by many large companies.
Indeed, Tripp Cox, vice president of engineering and operations at
Damballa, says he's observed MayDay running inside some of the world's
most elite organizations, including Fortune 50 companies, educational
institutions and ISPs. (He declines to identify them by name.)
"Most malware doesn't go through the trouble of trying to discover a
computer's web proxy settings and use that as a method for getting onto
the internet," he says.
The botnet also uses two separate peer-to-peer technologies so zombies
can stay in touch with each other, presumably as a back-up measure in
case the central channel is disconnected. One protocol communicates
using the internet control message protocol (ICMP) and the other uses
the transmission control protocol. The ICMP traffic is obfuscated so
it's indecipherable to the human eye. Damballa researchers are still
working to figure out exactly what kind of information is being
transported over the channel.
Up until now, the zombie army popularly known as Storm has been the
800-pound gorilla of the botnet underground. Having recently marked it's
one-year birthday, it is believed to comprise about 85,000 infected
machines. It was responsible for about 20 percent of the world's spam
over the past six months, according to MessageLabs, which provides email
and web filtering services to more than 16,000 business customers.
By comparison, MayDay and another newly discovered botnet called Mega-D
have far fewer nodes, but they are worth watching for a couple reasons.
For one, they are likely to get bigger over time. And for another, their
increasing sophistication is a good indicator of the direction
professional bot herders are headed.
MayDay has also done a good job of flying under the radar. Infected
machines have a limited amount of time to connect to the command and
control channel. If the time stamp is more than a few hours old, the
server returns an error message, making it hard for white-hat
researchers and rival bot masters to perform reconnaissance. And
according Cox, the vast majority of the anti-virus products fail to
detect at least some of the samples obtained by Damballa researchers.
(Symantec and Sophos, in postings here and here, question Damballa on
this issue.)
There's another reason why MayDay has managed to remain under cover
until now: it is still relatively small. At any given time, there are
only "several thousand victims" infected, according to Cox.
Tenacious D
The other recent arrival on the botnet scene is Mega-D. It was
discovered by security firm Marshall, which last week said it had
dethroned Storm as the top source of spam.
Some of Marshall's peers in the research community aren't so sure about
that, including Joe Stewart of SecureWorks. He says Mega-D consists of
about 35,000 bots, less than half the size of Storm. Mega-D isn't
propagating as fast or efficiently is Storm has, either. Finally, he
suspects spam from Storm is being under-counted.
Referring to Mega-D he says: "This is a very strong botnet, but hardly a
challenger to Storm."
Nonetheless, Mega-D boasts some advances that Stewart says aren't common
in botnets. One of them allows it to avoid being "greylisted," a
technique used by email servers to prevent spam by instructing
unrecognized senders to retransmit the email later. Whereas most spam
bots give up, Mega-D bots don't.
"This is the first time I've seen any bot have any type of code in it
dealing with greylisting," Stewart says. "This is actually at the bot
level."
Stewart says Mega-D is the work of Russian hackers and has its genesis
in a little-known family of malware known as "Ozkok." It is detected by
most anti-virus products, but usually is only flagged with generic
labels such as "Pakes" or "Agent," which may partly explain why Mega-D
has been able to grow into such a large army with seemingly no one
noticing.
While the newcomers aren't as big as Storm and, depending on who's
asked, aren't believed to be as big of a nuisance, they are a reminder
that the development of malware is a growing business that places a high
value on innovation. MayDay's ability to communicate within heavily
fortified businesses shouldn't be taken lightly. Neither is Mega-D's
anti-greylisting capability.
In its first year, Storm showed a preternatural ability to stop on a
dime, morph and take on new capabilities. Here's wondering how soon its
developers adopt some of these latest bells and whistles?
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